Does optogenetics still shine after 11 years? - Keynote Lecture by Edward Boyden

On September 2005, Edward Boyden, Karl Deisseroth et al. published a study in Nature Neuroscience in which they describe how neurons expressing the light-sensitive microbial protein Channelrhodopsin-2 can be activated by light pulses in a very temporally precise manner.

Soon, the publication of this basic curiosity-driven discovery got the Neuroscience community all hepped up by the evident usefulness of the technology. Researchers quickly grasped, with a frenzied enthusiasm, how remotely controlling the activity of a specific neuronal type in a fine temporal scale, whether in culture, tissue or freely moving animals, could apply to a vast array of questions. Above all, the main game-changer in the field of neuroscience remained the hope to actually make causal connections between neuronal circuit activity patterns and a given behavior. In other words, optogenetics allowed the possibility to move the entire neuroscienceresearch field forward from the observational and correlational stage to the causality era.

Since 2005, improvements to early techniques have provided the community with a very powerful kit of optogenetic tools. However some technical challenges still need to be taken to make the technology more accessible and usable to its full potential: gaining selective and comprehensive genetic access to the neurons of interest, controlling variation in the expression of the optogenetic tools (when using viruses) and its precise localization (axon vs. presynaptic terminals), tailoring light-delivery system signals to individual cells in a population rather than the population as a whole, developing observation techniques which have the same spatial and temporal resolution as those tools… to cite only a few of them.

This special Optogenetics day will be the occasion to take stock of this groundbreaking technique progresses and achievements in Neuroscience beyond the viral buzz created by the seminal publication of Boyden et al. 10 years ago, and notably to:

1. go back into the historical context of the discovery of the technique,
2. describe the basic principle of the technology, list the genetically encoded light-activated sensors available and technical obstacles that remained to be overcome,
3. review the major impacts and breakthroughs achieved with the use of these tools in our field,
4. consider and discuss the challenges to be tackled and possible perspectives.